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Statistical review of world energy.
Global economic recession drove energy consumption lower in 2009 – the first decline since 1982. As with the economic contraction, the decline in energy consumption was concentrated in OECD countries and the territory of the Former Soviet Union(FSU). Consumption of oil, natural gas and nuclear power declined, while coal consumption was essentially flat; only hydroelectric output and other renewable forms of energy increased in 2009. This data suggests global CO2 emissions from energy use fell for the first time since 1998.

 
In this post we show research about renewable energy sources,country’s electricity production by source, energy consumption

In this post we show renewable energy sources, which should appear in the future or that already exist, but not used anywhere.

Ecological condition of Moscow areas 

Green plants take up 30% of the territory, and this, according to scientists, a fairly high level for a multi-million metropolis. Despite this, the current state of green space in Moscow is poor. Green areas and forests of Moscow are heavy influences of technological and human pressures. Near the ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, machinery and printing in plants accumulate lead, tin, vanadium, cobalt, copper, zinc, etc. As a result of their green weight decreased chlorophyll content. The leaves become yellow and ocher color, covered with patches of reddish-brown or brown.

Urban Greening

The development of greening in urban areas

Green areas of a functional purpose are an organic part of the city as within buildings, and beyond.

Placing green plantations in cities

Accommodation in terms of various categories of plantations is directly dependent on their function: to create conditions for recreation of the urban population, to protect the city from strong winds or to protect residential areas from industrial waste, to improve microclimatic conditions for decorating the city streets, squares and neighborhoods . Plantations of common use within the city should be placed uniformly in some areas, in proportion to population density in each of them, at a distance from home, allowing all people to enjoy them with minimal time to travel to these plantations. These provisions do not apply to areas of public recreation, nature reserves, national parks, botanical gardens and ethnographic park. All these objects are among the plantings in general use, but their placement is determined by natural conditions, existing facilities, transport links with the city and others For the uniform provision of the city stands is not enough to create approximately equal to the square green areas at specific intervals, as different areas of the city are not the same population density, and the area stands to be directly proportional to the number of people in the area. In addition, in some areas of the city are usually concentrated large institutions, industrial enterprises, railway stations, big shops, etc. In this connection, in such areas accumulate large numbers of people, far exceeding the number of permanent residents

• The absorption of green plantation of carbon dioxide and oxygen evolution

Green plantations absorb carbon dioxide from the air and air enriched with oxygen. For 1 h, 1 ha of green plants absorb 8 liters of carbon dioxide. 1 ha of forest, into the air oxygen in sufficient quantities to sustain 30 people.

• Green spaces - a factor governing the city reduce the heat

Green plantings significantly affect the air temperature in the city. This is particularly noticeable in hot weather when the air temperature is much lower in green plants than on open ground. This is because the leaves have a higher reflectivity than other types of coatings. Missing a significant portion of radiant energy that leaves of trees and shrubs have a certain transparency. In addition, plants evaporate a lot of moisture, increasing humidity.

• The impact of green space in the formation of winds

Green plantations contribute to the formation of air currents. On hot days, warm air rises up urban areas, and in its place comes a more cold air from areas of greenery. These air currents are most often on the outskirts of the city. In the cool days of air currents do not arise. The penetration depth of air currents in urban development depends on its nature. With a dense perimeter building air currents were rapidly deteriorating and under free - air currents penetrate into the city much farther.

• The impact of green space in humidity

An important factor influencing the thermal regime in the city, is the humidity. The surface of the leaves of trees and shrubs more than 20 times larger than the area occupied by the projection of the crown. Heating plants evaporates into the air a lot of moisture. If we take the relative humidity in the street, at 100%, in the leafy residential quarter of humidity will be 116, on the Boulevard - 205, in the park - 204%.

• Windproof role of green spaces

In the practice of designing green space there is the need to protect urban areas from the adverse winds. In this case, across the main wind flow arrange shelter belts of greenery. The protective role of these strips is determined by their design and layout, as well as the type of building. Wind-proof properties are often green areas have a relatively low altitude and an openwork design. The degree of openwork must be at least 30-40%. The mechanism of action is windproof in that part of the air flow going over the plantations, meets with the airflow passing through the protective strip. Upon meeting the air flow relatively blanked. Planting of greenery dense construction does not justify the windshield functions, as well as contributes to the turbulence of air flow in the area of development.

Dr. Joan Alberich

Dr. Joan Alberich graduated with a PhD in geography; His research includes “Methods and Techniques for the Study of Population;” Demographic Studies; His main researches are about the geography of population, commuting and use of space, internal migration and its causes and population projections. In his teaching career, he has taught (or currently teaches) the undergraduate degrees Social and Cultural Geography and Spatial Planning and Tourism classes, as well as the master in Migration and Social Medicine.

for more research by Dr Joan Alberich

Dr Jianguo (Jack) Liu

Dr. Jianguo Liu, or Jack, received post doctoral study at Harvard University. His focus is on human-nature dynamics and their relation to environmental change/impacts. In his resume, which is 50 pages long mind you, he has been published or interviewed countless times oh the relationships of people and their environments.

Jeni Klugman

Jeni Klugman is the Director of the UN Development Programme’s Human Development Report Office. She has her PhD in economics and is published in the 2009 Coordination Meeting on International Migration at United Nation’s Headquarters in New York. 

Stewart Brand

Stewart Brand is the founder of Whole Earth Catalog, cofounder of both The Well and the Global Business Network; and authored The Whole Earth Discipline. Stewart has helped to define the collaborative, data-sharing, forward-thinking world we live in now; He persuaded NASA to release the first ever image of Earth from space. His interests include cataloguing cultures, languages, migrant communities, and he is fascinated in relating civilizations to environments;

for more information on Stewart Brand

Dr. David Carr

Dr. David Carr is a professor at the University of California in Santa Barbara. His main research is on the human dimensions of global environmental change; This includes land use/cover change, conservation, migration, fertility, health, rural poverty, and development;